分类： 哲学理论2道德法律

人类社会的社会管理机制莫过于德制与法制。但不管是德制，还是法制。它们的共同属性都是：人类用于管理群体社会的工具。

但它们也有很多不同点：

一、诞生的时间不一样。（道德源自于远古族群物种形成之初。法律最早的法典是三千多年前的汉谟拉比法典）。

二、诞生的动机不一样。（道德：为族群的发展而累积的族群发展经验。法律：国家诞生后掌权者在短时间内制定的为使国内民众的行为符合建国者想法的工具）。

三、面向性不一样。（道德：族群为能不断向外开拓生存空间而制定的适应自然界的行为准则，道德的面向性是向外开拓生存空间的。法律：国家掌权者根据自己的想法为国内民众定制的法律条文，法律的面向性是向内进行管理的）。

四、载体不一样。（道德的载体是族群的民族文化，这个民族文化里有一代传承一代的生活习惯、民间传说和已经融入在灵魂之中的民族本性。法律的载体是统治者建立的统治组织和记录在石头或纸张之类的法律条文）。

五、可改变性不一样。（改变一个民族的道德需要连同它的载体一并消灭。改变一个国家的法律只需要推翻政权或迫使统治阶层改变想法）。

Morality and Law

The social management mechanism of human society is undoubtedly based on morality and the rule of law. But whether it’s the German system or the legal system. Their common attribute is that they are tools used by humans to manage collective societies.
But they also have many differences:

1、 The time of birth is different. Morality originates from the formation of ancient ethnic groups and species. The earliest legal code is the Hammurabi Code, which dates back over three thousand years.

2、 The motives for birth are different. (Morality: the accumulated experience of ethnic development for the development of the ethnic group. Law: the tool formulated by those in power in a short period of time after the birth of the country to make the behavior of the domestic people conform to the ideas of the founding fathers).

3、 The orientation is different. (Morality: A code of conduct developed by ethnic groups to adapt to the natural world and continuously expand their living space outward. The orientation of morality is to expand their living space outward. Law: Legal provisions customized by the state’s rulers for the domestic people according to their own ideas, and the orientation of law is to manage inward).

4、 The carrier is different. The carrier of morality is the national culture of the ethnic group, which contains the living habits, folklore, and national nature that have been passed down from generation to generation. The carrier of law is the ruling organization established by the ruler and the legal provisions recorded in stones or paper.

5、 The variability is different. Changing the morality of a nation requires the elimination of its carriers. Changing the laws of a country only requires overthrowing the regime or forcing the ruling class to change their minds.

法制是应用法律条文对国家进行管理的一种机制。

在现代国家建立之初，由于每一个国家都存在诸多不同的民族，每个民族的道德标准都有不同程度的差异。所以很难用同一套道德标准去管理一个国家。这时统治阶级就会按自己的想法编写自己国家的法律。

在现实世界中，编写出来的法律首先为统治阶级的想法服务。然后才编写具体如何进行细节管理的法律条文，所以法律首先是为“国家”服务的，然后才是国家里生活的普通民众。为普通民众编写的法律条文，有些部份是以各民族共同认同的道德标准为依据编写的，所以法律与道德有时候是重叠的，但有时候也是矛盾的。

由于短时间内编写的法律没有事实上的应用经验，所以不与道德重叠的法律很可能给国内民众带来不幸。由于法律是由统治阶级的想法编写的，所以法律必然受统治阶级的经历和本性影响。在影响不大的情况下，道德的面向性可以使民族吸纳有利于民族发展的内容。影响过的话大就会使道德与法律产生矛盾，继而使国家出现许多不可理喻的事情，或直接变成暴政。

总结来说：法制是为“国家发展”制定的一种机制，而不是为“族群发展”制定的机制。

What is the legal system

The rule of law is a mechanism for managing a country through the application of legal provisions.

At the beginning of the establishment of modern countries, due to the existence of many different ethnic groups in each country, the moral standards of each ethnic group varied to varying degrees. So it’s difficult to manage a country with the same set of moral standards. At this point, the ruling class will write their own country’s laws according to their own ideas.

In the real world, laws written first serve the ideas of the ruling class. Then the specific legal provisions on how to manage details are written, so the law serves the “country” first, and then the ordinary people living in the country. Some parts of the legal provisions written for ordinary people are based on the moral standards commonly recognized by various ethnic groups, so sometimes law and morality overlap, but sometimes they are also contradictory.

Due to the lack of practical application experience in laws written in a short period of time, laws that do not overlap with morality are likely to bring misfortune to the domestic public. Since law is written by the ideas of the ruling class, it is inevitably influenced by the experiences and nature of the ruling class. In situations where the impact is not significant, the orientation of morality can enable a nation to absorb content that is beneficial to its development. If it has a significant impact, it will lead to contradictions between morality and law, resulting in many unreasonable things happening in the country or directly turning into tyranny.

In summary, the legal system is a mechanism designed for “national development”, not for “ethnic development”.

道德是一个族群流传悠久的行为准则。

广义来讲：动物在集群时期就诞生了的最原始的群体行为准则，也即是“动物道德”。比如说：牛群、狼群、狮群、猴群……每一种动物的群体都要依赖“有助于族群发展的行为准则”。群体内要是有某一个个体违反了群体行为准则，那这个群体就会对其进行惩处。

人类的祖先也是经历过这样的最初时期。随着时间的推进人类的祖先进化出了高级智慧，高级智慧使群体的行为准则越发复杂化。复杂化后的行为准则并不是都能被口口相传下来，只有一些重要的有益于族群传承发展的行为准则被群体普遍重视，这种比较重要的行为准则在一代又一代的传承后就成了道德。所以说道德是经过漫长的传承累积下来的族群发展经验。

由于自然界的自然力量无时无刻不在改变着人类族群的生存环境。面对小的改变人类族群可以借助人类族群的生存经验，也即是人类族群的行为准则——道德，坚持过去；但面对数百年或更长时间才来一次的重大自然灾难时，人类族群难免会四分五裂，而后各自会在新的自然环境里累积新的生存发展的经验。这时就有了地区性的道德（族群行为准则）差异。分裂的距离越远，生存环境差异越大，在蝴蝶效应的作用下甚至会发展出各自完全不一样的道德。这时的道德差异在人类高级社会里不但是族群道德的差异、也是生命价值观的差异、更是民族文化的差异。所以在地球不同的地域、不同的民族、不同的文化之间的道德既有相同之处，也存在着非常巨大的差异。